History of Protestantism

Copyright © 2018, Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.

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Preface

James A. Wylie: Earnest Contender for the Faith by Tom Stewart

James Aitken Wylie was born in Scotland in 1808. “The steps of a good man are ordered by the Lord” (Psalm 37:23). His collegiate preparation was at Marischal College, Aberdeen (a North Sea port city and industrial center of northeastern Scotland) and at St. Andrews (Fife, East Scotland). “It is good for a man that he bear the yoke in his youth” (Lamentations 3:27). Though we could find no account of his conversion, he entered the Original Seccession Divinity Hall, Edinburgh (Scotland, the land of John Knox) in 1827, and was ordained to the Christian ministry in 1831; hence, the name “Rev. J. A. Wylie” is affixed to most of his written works. “And that from a child thou hast known the Holy Scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus” (2 Timothy 3:15).

His disposition to use the pen as a mighty “Sword of the Lord” (Judges 7:18) is evidenced by his assumption of the sub-editorship of the Edinburgh “Witness” in 1846. “My tongue is the pen of a ready writer” (Psalm 45:1). In 1852, after joining the Free Church of Scotland- which was only inaugurated in 1843 (Dr. Chalmers as moderator), insisting on the Crown Rights of King Jesus as the only Head and King of the Church- Wylie edited their “Free Church Record” until 1860. “Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage” (Galatians 5:1). The Protestant Institute appointed him Lecturer on Popery in 1860. He continued in this role until his death in 1890. “Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ” (2 Corinthians 10:5).

Aberdeen University awarded him an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) in 1856. “Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may win Christ” (Philippians 3:8). His travels took him to many of the far-flung places, where the events of Protestant history transpired. “So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the Gospel to you that are at Rome also” (Romans 1:15). As a prominent spokesman for Protestantism, Dr. Wylie’s writings included “The Papacy: Its History, Dogmas, Genius, and Prospects”- which was awarded a prize by the Evangelical Alliance in 1851- and, his best known writing, “The History of Protestantism” (1878). “Beloved, when I gave all diligence to write unto you of the Common Salvation, it was needful for me to write unto you, and exhort you that ye should earnestly contend for the Faith which was once delivered unto the Saints” (Jude 3).

It is a solemn and sad reflection on the spiritual intelligence of our times that J. A. Wylie’s classic, “The History of Protestantism” went out of publication in the 1920’s. “Little children, it is the Last Time; and as ye have heard that Antichrist shall come, even now are there many antichrists; whereby we know that it is the Last Time” (1 John 2:18). But- “we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul” (Hebrews 10:39). And, we continue to “look for Him” (Hebrews 9:28) to come for us to cause us to “escape all these things” (Luke 21:36) in a Pre-Tribulation Rapture, while we intently “occupy” (19:13) for Him in the Gospel fields, which are “white already to harvest” (John 4:35). “Even so, come [quickly], Lord Jesus” (Revelation 22:20).

Amen, and Amen [2]

Table of Contents

Volume 1

Book 1: Progress from the First to the Fourteenth Century

Chapter 1: Protestantism

1

Chapter 2: Declension of the Early Christian Church

5

Chapter 3: Development of the Papacy from the Times of Constantine to those of Hildebrand

8

Chapter 4: Development of the Papacy from Gregory VII. to Boniface VIII.

15

Chapter 5: Mediaeval Protestant Witnesses

18

Chapter 6: The Waldenses - Their Valleys

23

Chapter 7: The Waldenses - Their Missions and Martyrdoms

28

Chapter 8: The Paulicians

32

Chapter 9: Crusades Against the Albigenses

28

Chapter 10: Erection of Tribunal of Inquisition

44

Chapter 11: Protestants Before Protestantism

47

Chapter 12: Abelard, and Rise of Modern Skepticism

56

Book 2: Wicliffe and his Times, or Advent of Protestantism

Chapter 1: Wicliffe - His Birth and Education

58

Chapter 2: Wicliffe, and the Pope’s Encroachments on England

63

Chapter 3: Wicliffe’s Battle with Rome for England’s Independence

70

Chapter 4: Wicliffe’s Battle with the Mendicant Friars

74

Chapter 5: The Friars Versus the Gospel in England

85

Chapter 6: The Battle of the Parliament with the Pope

87

Chapter 7: Persecution of Wicliffe by the Pope and the Hierarchy

92

Chapter 8: Hierarchical Persecution of Wicliffe Resumed

96

Chapter 9: Wicliffe’s Views on Church Property and Church Reform

98

Chapter 10: The Translation of the Scriptures, or the English Bible

105

Chapter 11: Wicliffe and Transubstantiation

113

Chapter 12: Wicliffe’s Appeal to Parliament

119

Chapter 13: Wicliffe Before Convocation in Person, and Before the Roman Curia by Letter

122

Chapter 14: Wicliffe’s Last Days

124

Chapter 15: Wicliffe’s Theological and Church System

128

Book 3: John Huss and the Hussite Wars

Chapter 1: Birth, Education, and First Labours of Huss

130

Chapter 2: Huss Begins his Warfare Against Rome

135

Chapter 3: Growing Opposition of Huss to Rome

141

Chapter 4: Preparations for the Council of Constance

144

Chapter 5: Deposition of the Rival Popes

149

Chapter 6: Imprisonment and Examination of Huss

154

Chapter 7: Condemnation and Martyrdom of Huss

161

Chapter 8: Wicliffe and Huss Compared in their Theology, their Character, and their Labours

165

Chapter 9: Trial and Temptation of Jerome

167

Chapter 10: The Trial of Jerome

171

Chapter 11: Condemnation and Burning of Jerome

173

Chapter 12: Wicliffe, Huss, and Jerome, or the First Three Witnesses of Modern Christendom

176

Chapter 13: The Hussite Wars

178

Chapter 14: Commencement of the Hussite Wars

184

Chapter 15: Marvellous Genius of Ziska as a General

189

Chapter 16: Second Crusade Against Bohemia

190

Chapter 17: Brilliant Successes of the Hussites

195

Chapter 18: The Council of Basle

202

Chapter 19: Last Scenes of the Bohemian Reformation

207

Book 4: Christendom at the Opening of the Sixteenth Century

Chapter 1: Protestantism and Medievalism

213

Chapter 2: The Empire

215

Chapter 3: The Papacy, or Christendom Under the Tiara

220

Book 5: History of Protestantism in Germany to the Leipsic Disputation, 1519

Chapter 1: Luther’s Birth, Childhood, and School-Days

226

Chapter 2: Luther’s College Life

232

Chapter 3: Luther’s Life in the Convent

236

Chapter 4: Luther the Monk Becomes Luther the Reformer

239

Chapter 5: Luther as Priest, Professor, and Preacher

243

Chapter 6: Luther’s Journey to Rome

245

Chapter 7: Luther in Rome

251

Chapter 8: Tetzel Preaches Indulgences

255

Chapter 9: The “Theses”

260

Chapter 10: Luther Attacked by Tetzel, Prierio, and Eck

266

Chapter 11: Luther’s Journey to Augsburg

272

Chapter 12: Luther’s Appearance Before Cardinal Cajetan

275

Chapter 13: Luther’s Return to Wittemberg and Labours there

281

Chapter 14: Miltitz - Carlstadt - Dr. Eck

287

Chapter 15: The Leipsic Disputation

293

Book 6: From the Leipsic Disputation to the Diet at Worms, 1521

Chapter 1: Protestantism and Imperialism; or, the Monk and the Monarch

302

Chapter 2: Pope Leo’s Bull

310

Chapter 3: Interviews and Negotiations

317

Chapter 4: Luther Summoned to the Diet at Worms

326

Chapter 5: Luther’s Journey and Arrival at Worms

329

Chapter 6: Luther Before the Diet at Worms

335

Chapter 7: Luther put Under the Ban of the Empire

345

Book 7: Protestantism in England, from the Times of Wicliffe to those of Henry VIII.

Chapter 1: The First Protestant Martyrs in England

350

Chapter 2: The Theology of the Early English Protestants

356

Chapter 3: Growth of English Protestantism

362

Chapter 4: Efforts for the Redistribution of Ecclesiastical Property

366

Chapter 5: Trial and Condemnation of Sir John Oldcastle

370

Chapter 6: Lollardism Denounced as Treason

377

Chapter 7: Martyrdom of Lord Cobham

381

Chapter 8: Lollardism under Henry V. and Henry VI.

384

Chapter 9: Rome’s Attempt to Regain Dominancy in England

393

Chapter 10: Resistance to Papal Encroachments

396

Chapter 11: Influence of the Wars of the Fifteenth Century on the Progress of Protestantism

401

Book8: History of Protestantism in Switzerland from A.D. 1516 to its Establishment at Zurich, 1525

Chapter 1: Switzerland - The Country and the People

408

Chapter 2: Condition of Switzerland Prior to the Reformation

412

Chapter 3: Corruption of the Swiss Church

416

Chapter 4: Zwingle’s Birth and School-Days

421

Chapter 5: Zwingle’s Progress Towards Emancipation

425

Chapter 6: Zwingle in Presence of the Bible

430

Chapter 7: Einsiedeln and Zurich

432

Chapter 8: The Pardon-Monger and the Plague

437

Chapter 9: Extension of the Reformation to Bern and Other Swiss Towns

441

Chapter 10: Spread of Protestantish in Eastern Switzerland

446

Chapter 11: The Question of Forbidden Meats

450

Chapter 12: Public Disputation at Zurich

454

Chapter 13: Dissolution of Conventual and Monastic Establishments

460

Chapter 14: Discussion on Images and the Mass

464

Chapter 15: Establishment of Protestantism in Zurich

468

Book 9: History of Protestantism from the Diet of Worms, 1521, to the Augsburg Confession, 1530

Chapter 1: The German New Testament

472

Chapter 2: The Abolition of the Mass

479

Chapter 3: Pope Adrian and his Scheme of Reform

485

Chapter 4: Pope Clement and the Nuremberg Diet

490

Chapter 5: Nuremberg (This chapter is founded on Notes made on the Spot by the Author in 1871)

495

Chapter 6: The Ratisbon League and Reformation

502

Chapter 7: Luther’s Views on the Sacrament and Image-Worship

506

Chapter 8: War of the Peasants

512

Chapter 9: The Battle of Pavia and its Influence on Protestantism

519

Chapter 10: Diet at Spires, 1526, and League Against the Emperor

523

Chapter 11: The Sack of Rome

527

Chapter 12: Organization of the Lutheran Church

532

Chapter 13: Constitution of the Church of Hesse

537

Chapter 14: Politics and Prodigies

543

Chapter 15: The Great Protest

548

Chapter 16: Conference at Marburg

554

Chapter 17: The Marburg Confession

562

Chapter 18: The Emperor, the Turk, and the Reformation

564

Chapter 19: Meeting Between the Emperor and Pope at Bologna

573

Chapter 20: Preparations for the Augsburg Diet

580

Chapter 21: Arrival of the Emperor at Augsburg and Opening of the Diet

585

Chapter 22: Luther in the Coburg and Melanchthon at the Diet

590

Chapter 23: Reading of the Augsburg Confession

594

Chapter 24: After the Diet of Augsburg

601

Chapter 25: Attempted Refutation of the Confession

606

Chapter 26: End of the Diet of Augsburg

614

Chapter 27: A Retrospect-1517-1530-Progress

617

Volume 2

Book 10: Rise and Establishment of Protestantism in Sweden and Denmark

Chapter 1: Causes that Influenced the Reception or Rejection of Protestantism in the Various Countries

1

Chapter 2: Fortunes of Protestantism in Italy, Spain, and Britain

4

Chapter 3: Introduction of Protestantism into Sweden

11

Chapter 4: Conference at Upsala

16

Chapter 5: Establishment of Protestantism in Sweden

23

Chapter 6: Protestantism in Sweden, from Vasa (1530) to Charles IX. (1604)

29

Chapter 7: Introduction of Protestantism into Denmark

33

Chapter 8: Church-Song in Denmark

38

Chapter 9: Establishment of Protestantism in Denmark

41

Chapter 10: Protestantism under Christian III., and its Extension to Norway and Iceland

45

Book 11: Protestantism in Switzerland from its Establishment in Zurich (1525) to the Death of Zwingle (1531)

Chapter 1: Zwingle - His Doctrine of the Lord’s Supper

51

Chapter 2: Disputation at Baden and its Results

56

Chapter 3: Outbreak and Suppression of Anabaptism in Switzerland

59

Chapter 4: Establishment of Protestantism at Bern

64

Chapter 5: Reformation Consummated in Basle

70

Chapter 6: League of the Five Cantons with Austria - Switzerland Divided

76

Chapter 7: Arms - Negotiations - Peace

81

Chapter 8: Proposed Christian Republic for Defence of Civil Rights

85

Chapter 9: Gathering of a Second Storm

88

Chapter 10: Death of Zwingle

92

Book 12: Protestantism in Germany from the Augsburg Confession to the Peace of Passau

Chapter 1: The Schmalkald League

95

Chapter 2 : The German Anabaptists, or the “Heavenly Kingdom”

99

Chapter 3 : Accession of Princes and States to Protestantism

104

Chapter 4: Death and Burial of Luther

107

Chapter 5: The Schmalkald War, and Defeat of the Protestants

112

Chapter 6 : The “Interim” - Re-Establishment of Protestantism

117

Book 13: From Rise of Protestantism in France (1510) to Publication of the Institutes (1536)

Chapter 1: The Doctor of Etaples, the First Protestant Teacher in France

123

Chapter 2 : Farel, Briconnet, and the Early Reformers of France

128

Chapter 3 : The First Protestant Congregation of France

134

Chapter 4 : Commencement of Persecution in France

137

Chapter 5: The First Martyrs of France

141

Chapter 6: Calvin: His Birth and Education

146

Chapter 7 : Calvin’s Conversion

149

Chapter 8 : Calvin Becomes a Student of Law

155

Chapter 9 : Calvin the Evangelist, and Berquin the Martyr

158

Chapter 10 : Calvin at Paris, and Francis Negotiating with Germany and England

164

Chapter 11 : The Gospel Preached in Paris - A Martyr

168

Chapter 12 : Calvin’s Flight from Paris

174

Chapter 13 : First Protestant Administration of the Lord’s Supper in France

178

Chapter 14 : Catherine De Medici

183

Chapter 15 : Marriage of Henry of France to Catherine De Medici

186

Chapter 16 : Melancthon’s Plan for Uniting Wittemberg and Rome

190

Chapter 17 : Plan of Francis I. for Combining Lutheranism and Romanism

196

Chapter 18 : First Disciples of the Gospel in Paris

198

Chapter 19: The Night of the Placards

205

Chapter 20 : Martyrs and Exiles

208

Chapter 21: Other and More Dreadful Martyrdoms

214

Chapter 22: Basle and the “Institutes”

219

Chapter 23: The “Institutes”

226

Chapter 24: Calvin on Predestination and Election

231

Chapter 25: Calvin’s Appeal to Francis I.

233

Book 14: Rise and Establishment of Protestantism at Geneva

Chapter 1: Geneva: The City and its History

238

Chapter 2: Genevese Martyrs of Liberty

243

Chapter 3: The Reform Commenced in Lausanne and Established in Morat and Neuchatel

247

Chapter 4: Tumults - Successes - Toleration

251

Chapter 5: Fabel Enters Geneva

256

Chapter 6: Geneva on the Brink of Civil War

260

Chapter 7: Heroism of Geneva

265

Chapter 8: Rome Falls and Geneva Rises

268

Chapter 9: Establishment of Protestantism in Geneva

274

Chapter 10: Calvin Enters Geneva -its Civil and Ecclesiastical Constitution

280

Chapter 11: Sumptuary Laws - Calvin and Farel Banished

285

Chapter 12: Calvin at Strasburg - Rome Draws Near to Geneva

291

Chapter 13: Abortive Conferences at Hagenau and Ratisbon

297

Chapter 14: Calvin Returns to Geneva

299

Chapter 15: The Ecclesiastical Ordinances

304

Chapter 16: The New Geneva

306

Chapter 17: Calvin’s Battles with the Libertines

310

Chapter 18 : Calvin’s Labours for Union

315

Chapter 19 : Servetus Comes to Geneva and is Arrested

320

Chapter 20 : Calvin’s Victory over the Libertines

323

Chapter 21 : Apprehension and Trial of Servetus

328

Chapter 22 : Condemnation and Death of Servetus

333

Chapter 23 : Calvin’s Correspondence with Martyrs, Reformers

340

Chapter 24 : Calvin’s Manifold Labours

345

Chapter 25 : Final Victory and Glory of Geneva

349

Chapter 26 : Geneva and its Influence in Europe

353

Chapter 27 : The Academy of Geneva

358

Chapter 28 : The Social and Family Life of Geneva

362

Chapter 29 : Calvin’s Last Illness and Death

365

Chapter 30 : Calvin’s Work

370

Book 15: The Jesuits

Chapter 1 : Ignatius Loyola

377

Chapter 2 : Loyola’s First Disciples

382

Chapter 3 : Organization and Training of the Jesuits

387

Chapter 4 : Moral Code of the Jesuits-Probabilism, Etc

393

Chapter 5 : The Jesuit Teaching on Regicide, Murder, Lying, Theft, Etc

398

Chapter 6: The “Secret Instructions” of the Jesuits

404

Chapter 7: Jesuit Management of Rich Widows and the Heirs of Great Families

407

Chapter 8: Diffusion of the Jesuits Throughout Christendom

412

Chapter 9: Commercial Enterprises and Banishments

416

Chapter 10: Restoration of the Inquisition

421

Chapter 11: The Tortures of the Inquisition

424

Book 16: Protestantism in the Waldensian Valleys

430

Chapter 1: Antiquity and First Persecutions of the Waldenses

430

Chapter 2: Cataneo’s Expedition (1488) Against the Dauphinese and Piedmontese Confessors

436

Chapter 3 : Failure of Cataneo’s Expedition

441

Chapter 4: Synod in the Waldensian Valleys

445

Chapter 5 : Persecutions and Martyrdoms

449

Chapter 6 : Preparations for a War of Extermination

456

Chapter 7 : The Great Campaign of 1561

461

Chapter 8 : Waldensian Colonies in Calabria and Apulia

468

Chapter 9 : Extinction of Waldenses in Calabria

472

Chapter 10 : The Year of the Plague

476

Chapter 11 : The Great Massacre

479

Chapter 12 : Exploits of Gianavello - Massacre and Pillage of Rora

488

Chapter 13 : The Exile

494

Chapter 14 : Return to the Valleys

498

Chapter 15 : Final Re-Establishment in their Valleys

503

Chapter 16 : Condition of the Waldenses from 1690

508

Book 17: Protestantism in France from Death of Francis I (1547) to Edict of Nantes (1598)

Chapter 1 : Henry II and Parties in France

512

Chapter 2 : Henry II and his Persecutions

518

Chapter 3 : First National Synod of the French Protestant Church

525

Chapter 4 : A Gallery of Portraits

532

Chapter 5 : The Guises, and the Insurrection of Amboise

538

Chapter 6 : Charles IX-The Triumvirate-Colloquy at Poissy

546

Chapter 7 : Massacre at Vassy and Commencement of the Civil Wars

555

Chapter 8 : Commencehent of the Huguenot Wars

562

Chapter 9 : The First Huguenot War, and Death of the Duke of Guise

568

Chapter 10 : Catherine de Medici and her Son, Charles IX- Conference at Bayonne-The St. Bartholomew Massacre Plotted

574

Chapter 11 : Second and Third Huguenot Wars

580

Chapter 12 : Synod of La Rochelle

585

Chapter 13 : The Promoters of the St. Bartholomew Massacre

588

Chapter 14 : Negotiations of the Court with the Huguenots

592

Chapter 15 : The Marriage, and Preparations for the Massacre

597

Chapter 16 : The Massacre of St. Bartholomew

600

Chapter 17 : Resurrection of Huguenotism-Death of Charles IX.

608

Chapter 18 : New Persecutions-Reign and Death of Henry III.

614

Chapter 19 : Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes

617

Volume 3

Book 18: History of Protestantism in the Netherlands

Chapter 1: The Netherlands and their Inhabitants

1

Chapter 2: Introduction of Protestantism into the Netherlands

4

Chapter 3: Antwerp: Its Confessors and Martyrs

9

Chapter 4: Abdication of Charles V. and Accession of Philip II.

14

Chapter 5: Philip Arranges the Government of the Netherlands, and Departs for Spain

17

Chapter 6: Storms in the Council, and Martyrs at the Stake

22

Chapter 7 : Retirement of Granvelle - Belgic Confession of Faith

29

Chapter 8: The Rising Storm

35

Chapter 9: The Confederates or “Beggars”

41

Chapter 10: The Field-Preachings

46

Chapter 11: The Image-Breakings

51

Chapter 12: Reaction - Submission of the Southern Netherlands

58

Chapter 13: The Council of Blood

64

Chapter 14: William Unfurls his Standard - Execution of Egmont and Horn

71

Chapter 15: Failure of William’s First Campaign

75

Chapter 16: The “Beggars of the Sea,” and Second Campaign of Orange

79

Chapter 17: William’s Second Campaign, and Submission of Brabant and Flanders

87

Chapter 18: The Siege of Haarlem

92

Chapter 19: Siege of Alkmaar, and Recall of Alva

98

Chapter 20: Third Campaign of William, and Death of Count Louis of Nassau

102

Chapter 21: The Siege of Leyden

107

Chapter 22: March of the Spanish Army Through the Sea - Sack of Antwerp

110

Chapter 23: The “Pacification of Ghent,” and Toleration

116

Chapter 24: Administration of Don John, and First Synod of Dort

119

Chapter 25: Abjuration of Philip, and Rise of the Seven United Provinces

128

Chapter 26: Assassination of William the Silent

133

Chapter 27: Order and Government of the Netherland Church

137

Chapter 28: Disorganisation of the Provinces

142

Chapter 29: The Synod of Dort

146

Chapter 30: Grandeur of the United Provinces

154

Book 19: Protestantism in Poland and Bohemia

Chapter 1: Rise and Spread of Protestantism in Poland

158

Chapter 2: John Alasco, and Reformation of East Friesland

165

Chapter 3: Acme of Protestantism in Poland

172

Chapter 4: Organisation of the Protestant Church of Poland

178

Chapter 5: Turning of the Tide of Protestantism in Poland

183

Chapter 6: The Jesuits enter Poland - Destruction of its Protestantism

185

Chapter 7: Bohemia - Entrance of Reformation

192

Chapter 8: Overthrow of Protestantism in Bohemia

200

Chapter 9: An Army of Martyrs

207

Chapter 10: Suppression of Protestantish in Bohemia

212

Book 20: Protestantism in Hungary and Transylvania

Chapter 1: Planting of Protestantism

219

Chapter 2: Protestantism Flourishes in Hungary and Transylvania

225

Chapter 3: Ferdinand II and the Era of Persecution

228

Chapter 4: Leopold I. and the Jesuits

234

Chapter 5: Banishment of Pastors and Desolation of the Church of Hungary

239

Book 21: The Thirty Years’ War

Chapter 1: Great Periods of the Thirty Years’ War

248

Chapter 2: The Army and the Camp

252

Chapter 3: The March and its Devastations

256

Chapter 4: Conquest of North Germany by Ferdinand II and the “Catholic League”

261

Chapter 5: Edict of Restitution

269

Chapter 6: Arrival of Gustavus Adolphus in Germany

274

Chapter 7: Fall of Magdeburg and Victory of Leipsic

280

Chapter 8: Conquest of the Rhine and Bavaria - Battle of Lutzen

287

Chapter 9: Death of Gustavus Adolphus

294

Chapter 10: The Pacification of Westphalia

299

Chapter 11: The Fatherland after the War

304

Book 22: Protestantism in France from Death of Henry IV. (1610) to the Revolution (1789)

Chapter 1: Louis XIII. and the Wars of Religion

309

Chapter 2: Fall of La Rochelle, and End of the Wars of Religion

316

Chapter 3: Industrial and Literary Eminence of the French Protestants

320

Chapter 4: The Dragonnades

326

Chapter 5: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

332

Chapter 6: The Prisons and the Galleys

338

Chapter 7: The “Church of the Desert”

343

Book 23: Protestantism in England from the Times of Henry VIII.

Chapter 1: The King and the Scholars

347

Chapter 2: Cardinal Wolsey and the New Testament of Erasmus

352

Chapter 3: William Tyndale and the English New Testament

359

Chapter 4: Tyndale’s New Testament Arrives in England

365

Chapter 5: The Bible and the Cellar at Oxford - Anne Boleyn

371

Chapter 6: The Divorce - Thomas Bilney, the Martyr

376

Chapter 7: The Divorce, and Wolsey’s Fall

383

Chapter 8: Cranmer - Cromwell - The Papal Supremacy Abolished

389

Chapter 9: The King Declared Head of the Church of England

395

Chapter 10: Scaffolds - Death of Henry VIII

402

Chapter 11: The Church of England as Reformed by Cranmer

408

Chapter 12: Deaths of Protector Somerset and Edward VI

416

Chapter 13: Restoration of the Pope’s Authority in England

419

Chapter 14: The Burnings under Mary

425

Chapter 15: Elizabeth; Restoration of the Protestant Church

431

Chapter 16: Excommunication of Elizabeth, and Plots of the Jesuits

440

Chapter 17: The Armada; its Building

446

Chapter 18: The Armada Arrives off England

450

Chapter 19: Destruction of the Armada

455

Chapter 20: Greatness of Protestant England

461

Book 24: Protestantism in Scotland

Chapter 1: The Darkness and the Daybreak

466

Chapter 2: Scotland’s First Preacher and Martyr, Patrick Hamilton

470

Chapter 3: Wishart is Burned, and Knox Comes Forward

478

Chapter 4: Knox’s Call to the Ministry and First Sermon

483

Chapter 5: Knox’s Final Return to Scotland

489

Chapter 6: Establishment of the Reformation in Scotland

492

Chapter 7: Constitution of the “Kirk”: Arrival of Mary Stuart

496

Chapter 8: Knox’s Interview with Queen Mary

501

Chapter 9: Trial of Knox for Treason

506

Chapter 10: The Last Days of Queen Mary and John Knox

511

Chapter 11: Andrew Melville; the Tulchan Bishops

515

Chapter 12: Battles for Presbyterianism and Liberty

520

Chapter 13: James in England—The Gunpowder Plot

526

Chapter 14: Death of James VI, and Spiritual Awakening in Scotland

530

Chapter 15: Charles I and Archbishop Laud; Religious Innovations

536

Chapter 16: The National Covenant and Assembly of 1638

540

Chapter 17: Civil War—Solemn League—Westminster Assembly

545

Chapter 18: Parliament Triumphs, and the King is Betrayed

551

Chapter 19: Restoration of Charles II, and St. Bartholomew Day, 1662

556

Chapter 20: Scotland—Middleton’s Tyranny—Act Recissory

560

Chapter 21: Establishment of Prelacy in Scotland

563

Chapter 22: Four Hundred Ministers Ejected

568

Chapter 23: Breach of the “Triple League” and War with Holland

574

Chapter 24: The Popish Plot, and Death of Charles II

578

Chapter 25: The First Rising of the Scottish Presbyterians

586

Chapter 26: The Field-Preaching or “Conventicle”

591

Chapter 27: Drumclog—Bothwell bridge—The “Killing Times”

597

Chapter 28: James II—Projects to Restore Popery

603

Chapter 29: A Great Crisis in England and Christendom

609

Chapter 30: Protestantism Mounts the Throne of Great Britain

617

Chronology

648